Analysis of Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis of Violence - Essay Example We have characters that are considered as the models who defied the violence as a means to achieve their objectives. Probably the paramount example is of Jesus Christ. Records suggest that Jesus was a pacifist and the dictionary definition of Pacifist suggest someone as opposed to the violence. There is a very famous saying associated with Jesus that if someone slaps on your right cheek, give him the left too. His teachings and methods were greatly opposed to the violence as a means to achieve the objectives. Though the political situation at that time was extremely volatile and violence would have been the most natural reaction however the same was not the case. Though evidence suggests that followers of Jesus were violent in their response to Jesus cruxification, however, Jesus himself as a prophet, as a leader and political activist. (Rational Chrastinity, 2008). The second personality which we are going to discuss is the personality of Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi oversaw one of the brightest freedom struggles in the World. The liberation of India from the British rule was one of the longest and bloodiest freedom struggles, however, Gandhi, by adopting the principles of HANSA, refused to adopt violence as the mean to achieve his objectives. His Sataygra or Non-Violence Movement is considered as one of the most organized political efforts of non-violence where the whole India was united in their peaceful protest against the British Occupation. (BBC, 2000). The political history of also further suggests that Gandhi, who was killed by a Hindu, stood for the rights of divided India when India was separated into two states of Pakistan and India. It was because of these reasons that he was awarded the prestigious MAN OF THE CENTURY nomination at the turn of the new century. The similarity between these two personalities is the fact they both adapted peace as the mean of achieving their objectives though at the cost of their own lives.

Abstract for Choices, Values, and Frame Essay Example for Free

Abstract for Choices, Values, and Frame Essay Reading 2.2 Kahneman,D and Tvesky, A. (1984), ‘ Choices, values, and frames’. Ameriacn Psychologist, 39 (4) Abstract This article discuss when consumers feel a certain price which is bringing the loss rather than the income, they are more sensitive to price. Consumers are feeling a certain price more cost-effective manner and the other a less cost-effective. They will accord the cognitive psychological evaluation to exhibit a completely different personal attitude and decision making. Economic decision making theory has always been that people are fundamentally rational animal. However, human beings have irrational features in many aspects. One of the most attract somebodys attention example is calling the â€Å"framing effect In this effect, the positive or negative way to make a decision has had a dramatic effect on subsequent choice. The researchers found that integration from the decision system of emotional preference were potential causes of framing effect. With the potential risk benefit choices need to pay the cognitive effort than defined benefit choice; however, determining the damaged choice and risk selection potential damage to pay cognitive effort is the same. There are two fundamental analyze principles for rational choice theory: dominance and invariance. Dominance can be defined that project A in the worst case is better than project B, project A should be accept. Invariance requires that human describe selectivity problem for the same thing that will draw the common preference. Framing effect can be divide two types: positive and negative. The positive frame shows risk-averse preference for gains. On the other hand, the negative frame shows risk- seeking preference for losses. In addition, in mental accounting, money can be attributed to the different types of account which cannot replace each other. People are always divide outcomes into different mental accountings and use decision value and experience value, in order to evaluate the results whether can be accepted. EXAMPLE To discuss the cognitive psychology effects our daily life, I will give a  example of rent or buy a house in Sydney. If we want rent a house or apartment in Sydney which have two bedrooms, a living room and 2 bathrooms, according to my experience, we need to pay 600-800 dollar each week. Most of us may not feel pressure to rent an apartment for one or two years. If we spend 20000 or 30000 as down payment which is use for purchase an apartment. I think we could be hesitating. We analyze that purchase a apartment is better than rent in order to live one or two years in some place. We are willing spend less to live although we make sure loss 600-800 each week. However, it leads to a value of experience, and this experience value effect our decision. Finally, we would rather to rent an apartment although we know it not a rational investment. Reading 8.3 Abstract This article point out that the exercise of power in the process of development and implementation of organizational information systems are very expensive and time consuming. Accordingly, the theory of ‘sociology of translation’ provides corresponding solutions for the organization. According to the theory, there are two important features in the problemastisation. Firstly, actor or group should more specific in a general problem to find a mental to solving. Secondly, actors should be defined identities in a plan that will use their skill and experience precisely. The author point out an example that senior manager enjoy the IT program and analyze it to use reducing cost as a new tool. In addition, most of the consultants believe that organizations should make clear position, future goals and behavior before implement IT strategy. Meanwhile, consultants also believed that IT system is great significance strategy for organizations lead to successful. For another example, IT consultants try them best to make sure problematisation steady. The successive problematisations build an exercise of power and prevent other alternative problematisations from getting onto the agenda of the project team. In conclusion, the author solves the problems in the information technology process in the theory of concepts. Consultants adopted the theory of  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœsociology of translation’ to solve organizations’ problem. Discuss the nature of the relationship between external management consultants and customer or user groups. The author considers the other resource management role and differential access to its knowledge and skills, such as an important exercise of power relations. Example ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning): Enterprise resource planning system is basing on information technology. The use of information technology implementation of enterprise supply chain management, in order to realize scientific management of each link in the supply chain. ERP integrates information technology and advanced management ideas become the modern enterprise mode which reflecting the era of enterprise reasonable allocation of resources. It maximizes the creation of social wealth and become the cornerstone of corporate survival. In the company, the general management mainly includes three aspects: production control (planning, manufacturing, logistics (distribution), procurement, inventory management) and financial management (accounting, financial management); three systems are integrating and the importance of human resources constitutes the primary module of ERP system. The ERP system of business each module refinement, split, forming a relatively independent software syst em and the seamless connection, so that the enterprises of different scales can be freely combined according to need and make enterprise resource optimization configuration. Reading 1.3 Abstract The author claims a general make a strategic relate to several aspects. This article points out that your teammates or colleagues making decision will affect on yourself. Namely, the title of this article: â€Å"looking up and looking around†. Firstly, â€Å"looking up† is a basic human nature in any situation. In other words, when you meet a more experience and knowledge person (such as your manager and your boss) make a strategic, and then making decision follow how he/she would act. Secondly, ‘looking around’ is one of your opinions. When you work with your teammates or colleagues, you will find out how they deal with problems and what they make decisions. Then  you will follow their opinions to deal with yourself problems. The author also points out that â€Å"decision- making paralysis† always effect on everyone no matter you are middle manage or even the top manager and CEO. When face with a problem, human minds always goes blank. They want to find a solution to solve the problem. If not, they will look for someone to take the burden. On the other hand, they will afraid to make decision in any situation because they don’t want the decision bring fail. Most of managers suffer from anxiety that colleagues will find out their incapability. There is important problem that makes a rational strategic not only managers’ duty, it also relate to company’s structure and the project. Manager always are demanded to make a decision quickly which based on information transmits from primary levels. However, the information not particularly correct that leads to some wrong decisions in that situation. Obviously, the manager who makes the wrong decision in a organization should take the bl ame and be fired. This situation always happens in many companies. The author claims that a outstanding managers should have a rational analyze and quick thinking abilities. Example In my experience, when I worked at an international land sales company, my manager receives a project to help a China company find an office. Our team receive the order which needs a 300㎠¡ work place in shanghai CBD. Firstly, we should make a research to find out whether a suitable square. Our manager makes a decision to ask some building manager which is located in shanghai CBD. Finally, we find a suitable place for the China Company. However, when we check require with the company, our assistant told us we get wrong squares that is 400 ㎠¡. So our manager has to afresh contact to the building list. Fortunately, we found a 90 ㎠¡ near the former one. Our manager decides to connect the two work place to reach 400㎠¡. We successfully completed out task on time.

State Funding for California State University

State Funding for California State University Sherry Pickering The state legislators in California play a key role in the funding for the California State University (university). They may also impose new reporting requirements, change the laws and set new rules that directly affect the university at any time. As a university administrator the system-wide conferences that I attend typically feature a speaker from the California State Universitys advocacy team whom will outline the political landscape and discuss content and status of current legislation. A key point that has routinely been made in these presentations in the last several years is that term limits are detrimental to the university. Specifically we are told that term limits mean that the state legislators are constantly campaigning so they cannot be bothered with key issues that are important to the university or, if theyve just entered office, they are too new to be of much help. This leads to the question, are term limited state legislators more or less likely to be responsive to the requests of bureaucratic interests? Term limits were enacted for the California state legislature with the passage of proposition 140 in 1990. â€Å"The law limited state Assembly members to three two-year terms and state senators to two four-year terms.† (California_Term_Limits,_Proposition_140_(1990), 2015) It also imposed â€Å"a lifelong ban against seeking the same office once a member† was termed out and prevented â€Å"new legislators from earning pension benefits.† (California_Term_Limits,_Proposition_140_(1990), 2015) California was among the first in a series of states to adopt term limits. This trend begun in the 1980s and continued throughout the 1990s to the early 2000s that ended with to up to 21 states adopting some term limits. Six states have since repealed these changes in the wake of a 1995 ruling that congressional term limits were unconstitutional, in that states could not place limits on a federal office. The push for term limits in the 1990s seemed to be a grassroots effort. Throughout the 1980s in California incumbents seemed to be impossible to unseat. This was in part due to advantages of name recognition enjoyed by all incumbents. However that effect was reinforced by several redistricting efforts that made it increasingly difficult for the predominantly Democratic members to be challenged by Republicans. These results for the legislative bodies were in stark contrast to the results in the three gubernatorial contests that occurred during this period where a Republican was chosen. The proposition was backed by Republicans whom were interested in the passage of these laws in two way. Ideologically Republicans are in favor of a more limited government. Term limits are generally seen as a way to weaken a legislative body which is alternately used as an argument for or against term limits laws. More importantly in the early 1990s Republicans were in favor of term limits as a way to create more competitive races for seats. Given the make-up of the legislative membership it seemed that the Republicans stood to gain the most with the passage of term limits. Main stakeholders involved with this issue are state legislators. In California there are two legislative bodies, the state assembly and the state senate. Unlike other states such as Texas where legislative appointments are part-time, California legislators have a full time or professional appointment. In the assembly there are 80 members while in the state senate there are 40 members. While several political parties exist, these legislative bodies only have representatives from the Democrat and Republican parties. Presently Democrats hold a majority of the seats in both the assembly and senate. The staffs of these legislative bodies represent another group that would be deeply interested in this issue. This staff is made up of partisan staff, usually represented by those that work for individual legislators, and non-partisan staff such as those that work for the administrative arm of these bodies. For example, non-partisan staffers in the Legislative Analyst’s Office provide analysis for each bill presented in each house. While the non-partisan staff may seem to have more secure positions regardless of the passage of term limits they would be impacted by an increase or decrease in the amount of bills generated by the legislators. Lobbyists and special interests have a stake in the outcomes wrought by term limits. These lobbyists may represent bureaucratic interests like those of other state agencies such as university, prisons and health and human services or external parties such as business and issues groups. These groups would be keenly interested in how term limits have strengthened or weakened their influence on these legislative bodies. Citizens of the state play a key role in shaping law in California. In 1849 referendums or initiatives, which are changes to the state constitution or laws, were referred to the electorate for a popular vote. This law was expanded in 1911 to allow externally sponsored initiatives to be brought to vote. The initiatives process means that the voters are asked to decide if either tiny or sweeping changes to laws should be adopted. While this should result in a more direct style of government as a voter it gives the impression that the legislative bodies aren’t working to come to consensus on decisions that they should be more informed than the average voter to make. Legislators, legislative staff and lobbyists largely opposed the proposed term limits law because of the seemingly detrimental effect that it would have from each of their perspectives. Prior to term limits some legislators served in the same seat for decades. In the face of term limits these legislators had to reimagine how they could perform in office under these new rules. Legislative staff tied to a particular legislator or party faced an uncertain future where they may need to find a new job every few years. Finally, lobbyists could no longer rely on their long relationships with a particular legislator nor could they influence affiliated committees with these relationships. Beyond the rhetoric published as the term limits law was up a vote, there is ample evidence that legislators dislike these laws. For example, in the majority of the states without these laws each state’s legislative house law would have to be passed on a vote to be adopted. Yet these laws have never gained enough support. In the U.S. Congress term limits could only be imposed on senators and representatives by passing a vote in those legislative bodies, but term limits proposals have been brought to vote several times and failed to gain enough support to pass. Therefore the electorate seemed to have the most to gain from adoption of term limits. The expected positive outcomes most frequently citied during the campaign to pass the law were that term limits would lead to a more diverse, citizen legislature that represents the electorate’s interests, and balanced power the between the executive and legislative bodies. While all of these aims may not have materialized, overall likely voters in California seem to be pleased with the results in the last several years. One area where it could be argued that term limits has succeeded is related to the diversity or make up of the legislators. Supporters of the law claimed that it would create new opportunities for women and minorities to become representatives. Generally the number of women in the legislature rose statewide and adjusting for other factors â€Å"term limits opened up nine Assembly seats for women† between 1990 to 2001 (Cain Kousser, 2004). Nationwide the effect of term limits on participation rates for women seems to be virtually flat. (Institutional Change in American Politics: The Case of Term Limits, 2007) California had a long history of electing minority representatives. In the period after term limits laws went into effect minorities were elected to the state legislature in greater numbers. This was in part to seats that became available due to term limits. However, term limits removed long serving minority members such as Willie Brown. So the overall effect of term limits on the make-up of the state legislature in California did show an uptick in the election of minority legislators, specifically Latinos. (Cain Kousser, 2004) One area where term limits seems to have had no effect is on the careerism of legislators. Proponents of the term limits laws were certain that the career politicians would be phased out due to term limits and seats would become available to ‘citizen’ candidates. Instead since term limits have been put into place legislators seem to map out a series of jobs that begin in local government, rise to state legislature and go onto elected state office or back to local government. (Cain Kousser, 2004) Research found that in 1980 â€Å"the share of Senators who had been Assembly members had risen to 65 percent. By 2001, that figure rose to 90 percent.† (Cain Kousser, 2004) Legislative staff concerns about term limits came to pass in a couple of ways. With the downturn and subsequent shortfalls in the state budget non-partisan legislative staffs, namely the staff of the Legislative Analyst’s Office, were cut dramatically. The staff of the Assembly also suffered cuts related to budget shortfalls. So the staff has experienced a greater amount of work, not because of a change in the amount of legislation, but rather from a reduced number of staff to perform the work. Partisan staff also experienced a shift in their jobs in the wake of the adoption of term limits laws in California. As expected with the loss of some job security, the tenure of this staff has decreased. Along with fewer years of service the expectations of the staff in these positions has changed. For example, prior to term limits staff were expected to analyze legislation. After term limits staff must also provide recommendations with their analysis. (Robinson, 2011) An alarming outcome of term limits for the university is that it seems to have strengthened executive branch in certain ways. One key way this has materialized that directly impacts the university is that the legislature is less likely to be effective in altering the governor’s budget. Researchers observed this effect by comparing budgets for certain categories in the budget in years before term limits and after the laws went into effect where economically the state was experiencing similar circumstances. (Cain Kousser, 2004) In a less studied way this effect has been noticeable in the last few years has been on time budgets which is helpful to the university in creating more stability for the transition from one fiscal year to the next. However, this means that there have been fewer objections to the governor’s budget proposal by the legislators. For the university system the governor’s budget has fallen short of the budget requests that were submitted. Additionally, while there have been some increases for the university between the governor’s budget and the May revise that takes tax collections into account, these have only made some progress in replacing the state support that the university lost in the financial downturn. This virtual lockdown in the budget process and insistence by the Governor that tuition fees remain level over the last few years has made it difficult for the university to grow system-wide enrollment. The Governor has also expressed his view that the university should cut cost of course delivery by adopting an online model more rapidly. While this is a fine opinion to have, it does seem that his budget allocations for the university reflect an unwillingness to recognize that making such a drastic change in a large system does not happen overnight. The overall lack of legislative voices disagreeing with the Governor on these points has been very noticeable. One expected outcome of instituting term limits was that the influence of lobbyists would be diminished. This was supposed to occur because the lobbyist would have less time to develop long relationships with any one legislator so lobbyists would have less success in influencing the political process. While if this were true it could mean that the university’s lobbyist’s claims are true, there is some evidence that this outcome has not been realized. When surveyed lobbyists responded with term limits in place the influence of the Governor increased quite dramatically. Additionally, the influence for their firms specifically stayed about the same or increased slightly with the implementation of term limits. (Moncrief Thompson, 2001) In the years after the term limits were enacted under proposition 140 there were four attempts to remove or change the law. The first three attempts, a lawsuit and two ballot propositions, failed. Proposition 28 was passed in a June 2012 election. With this amendment legislators may now serve in either house in any combination of terms up to 12 years. This doubles the time that a member of the Assembly could serve under proposition 140 rules. While the effects of this recent change remain to be seen, it is possible that it will return some balance to the political process and reign in the executive branch. While I can see that the university’s lobbyists are likely working harder than they did in the past, I see no evidence that they have less influence under term limits. Given that the budget is a key issue for the university what may also be the case is that they are putting their efforts into influencing the members of the legislature that worked well under pre-term limits conditions when their efforts would be better spent demonstrating that the university system has value to the executive branch. In light of this analysis, I believe the university’s lobbying group should: Assess their current program to determine how much of their time is allocated to committee support, specific contacts with legislators and the executive branch. Then evaluate the effectiveness of the meetings with specific legislators. If this leads to more effective committee support then they should likely leave their time allocation as it is currently. However, if their meetings yield little results they should assess how that time could be better utilized to up their contact with the executive branch. It is well known that this governor is no fan of higher education; however any improvements that could be made as a result of the renewed efforts on the part of the lobbyists would be helpful. It seems likely that they are well aware of the research underpinning this analysis, but I have been surprised in the past how frequently people do not read about their own professions. So going through this assessment could do them well. Bibliography Basham, P. (2003). Defining Democracy Down: Explaining the Capaign to Repeal Term Limits. Washington D.C.: Cato Institute. Cain, B., Kousser, T. (2004). Adapting to term limits: recent experiences and new directions. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California. California_Term_Limits,_Proposition_140_(1990). (2015, 03 07). Retrieved from ballotpedia.org: http://ballotpedia.org/California_Term_Limits,_Proposition_140_(1990) Donovan, T., Snipp, J. (1994). Support for Legislative Term Limitations in California: Group Representation, Partisanship, and Campaign Information. The Journal of Politics, 492-501. Institutional Change in American Politics: The Case of Term Limits. (2007). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Moncrief, G., Thompson, J. (2001). On the outside Looking in: Lobbyists Perspectives on the Effects of State Legislative Term Limits. State Politics Policy Quarterly, 394-411. Robinson, K. (2011). Shifting Power in Sacramento: The Effects of Term Limits on Legislative Staff. California Journal of Politics and Policy 3(1). Walters, D. (2012, 03 30). Changing Term Limits isnt the Answer. Monterey Herald, pp. http://www.montereyherald.com/general-news/20120330/dan-walters-changing-term-limits-isnt-the-answer.

Aldous Huxley :: Biography Biographies

Aldous Huxley Many talented twentieth century writers have been overshadowed by classical writers such as Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare. Novels dealing with classical topics are often more recognized than works that tackle controversial topics. Aldous Huxley defies this stereotype, for his controversial works gained great fame while influencing many people. Huxley was not just a successful writer; he was a complex person whose ideas and novels influenced many people. Aldous Huxley was born July 26, 1894 (It’s Online-Aldous Huxley) in Godalming, Surrey, England (Aldous (Leonard) Huxley). Huxley was born into a prominent family. His grandfather, Thomas Henry Huxley, was a biologist who â€Å"helped develop the theory of evolution.† Huxley’s aunt, Humphrey Ward, was a novelist. His mother was the niece of Matthew Arnold, a poet, and the granddaughter of Thomas Arnold, a famous educator and headmaster of Rugby school (Aldous Huxley-Biography). When Huxley was fourteen years old, his mother died of cancer. He said his mother’s death â€Å"gave him a sense of the transience of human happiness† and â€Å"he felt that heredity made each individual unique, and uniqueness of the individual was essential to freedom† (Aldous Huxley-Biography). From 1908 until 1913, Huxley studied at Eton College (Aldous (Leonard) Huxley). While at Eton, Huxley developed a condition of near blindness that plagued him until hi s death (Philosopher’s Corner Presents: Aldous Huxley). After receiving his Bachelor of Arts in English at Balliol College, Oxford, Huxley worked in the War Office in London and taught at Eton and Repton (Aldous (Leonard) Huxley). While at Oxford, Huxley was introduced to the literary world and became good friends with D.H. Lawrence (Aldous Huxley-Biography). In 1916, Huxley published his first book of poems, The Burning Wheel (Philosopher’s Corner Presents: Aldous Huxley). From 1920-1921, he was a part of the editorial staff of the Athenaeum under Middleton Murray. Through the years, Huxley also worked as a drama critic for the Westminster Gazette, was an assistant at the Chelsea Book Club and worked for Conde Nast Publications (Aldous (Leonard) Huxley). Huxley married Maria Nys in 1919. In 1920 they had a child named Matthew. The family split time between London and Italy and traveled around the world in 1925 and 1926 (Aldous Huxley-Biography). In 1955 Maria died of cancer, and a year later Huxley married Italian violinist and psychotherapist Laura Achera (Brooke 199).

Hardness of Water

INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER:It is when water passes through or over deposit such as limestone; the level of Ca ²Ã¢  »and Mg ²Ã¢  ºand HCOâ‚Æ' ions present in the water can greatly increase and cause the water to be classified as hard water. This term results from the fact that cation and magnesium ions in water combine with soap molecules, making it hard to get suds. High level of water ion such as Ca ²Ã¢  » and Mg ²Ã¢  ºÃ‚  can cause scaly deposits in plumbing appliances & boilers.These two ions also combine chemically with soap molecules resulting in decreased cleansing. The American water works Association indicates that the ideal quality water should not contain more than 80mg/l of total hardness as CaCOâ‚Æ'. High levels of total hardness are not considered a health concern. There are two types of Hardness:Temporary hardness: this is due to the presence of bicorbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling. Permanent hardness: this is due to the presence of chlorides & sulphate of calcium & magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.MOTIVATIONI was bothered that the water in Ilara community doesn’t combine easily with soap leading to excessive consumption of WATER.ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE:Scales are formed as inner coating of the pipelines prevents corrosion Absolute soft waters are corrosive and dissolve metalsMore causes of cardio vascular diseases are reported in soft water areas Hard water is useful to growth of children due to the presence of calcium Hard water cause excessive consumption of soap used for cleaning purpose, sodium soaps react with multivalent metallic cations to form a precipitate, thereby lose their surfactant properties. Lathering doesn’t take place until all hardness ions precipitate out.APPARATUS Conical Flask {250ml} Burette with retort stand Beaker Wash bottles Standard flask PipettesMETHOD Simple titration methodREAGENTS Ammonium chloride Amm onium hydroxide Ilara-Mokin water {Hâ‚‚O} Magnesium sulphate Erichrome black T EDTA (Disodium salt).PREPARATION OF REAGENTS 1. Standard solution of EDTAThe usual reagent is the disodium salt, which is a dehydrate, Mr=372.24; it is available in sufficiently pure form to be used as a primary standard for most purposes. If necessary, it may be dried at 80 ° for four days to remove a small percentage of water that may have been absorbed. The solution should be stored in plastic containers rather than glass bottles. The solution is stable but if stored in glass bottles (particularly if the glass is new), the concentration of a dilute solution will decrease appreciably with time as metal ions are extracted out of the glass. To prepare 2 1 of the reagent, dissolve 7.44g of the salt in enough deionized water to make exactly 2 1 of solution. 2. Buffer solution(pH 10)Add 17.5g of ammonium chloride to 142cm ³ of ammonium chloride to 142cm ³ of 0.88 ammonia solution and make up to 25 0cm ³ with deionized water. 3. Eriochrome Black T indicatorThis indicator can be purchased as a powder. The solid is hygroscopic, and so must be stored in a tightly stoppered container.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (testing of the Ilara-mokin water) We Pipetted 200ml of the water sample and transfer it to a clean 250ml conical flask. We Added 2ml of Ammonia buffer solution to the water sample so that the pH will be maintained between 9 & 10. We added few drops of EBT indicator to the conical flask and the sample turns to wine red in color. Before we started the titration; we rinsed the burette with few ml of EDTA  then Filled the burette with 0.02m EDTA solution & adjusted to zero then fixed it in retort stand. We titrated the sample against the EDTA solution in the burette till all calcium and magnesium ions present in the sample reacted with the EDTA.The appearance of blue color indicated that all Ca and Mg ions were complex with EDTA and forms a metal EDTA complex. i.e. the end poin t of the titration We Noted down the burette reading and repeated titration two more times.RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENTSAMPLE A FINAL READINNGS 1.50 1.40 1.40 INITIAL READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 TITRE VALUES 1.50 1.40 1.40Average titre value= 1.50 +1.40+1.40 =4.3 3 3  =1.43cm ³Ã‚  =1.43 x 20= 28.6 cm ³SAMPLE B FINAL READINGS 2.90 3.10 2.90 INITIAL READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 TITRE VALUES 2.90 3.10 2.90Average titre value=2.90+3.10+2.90 = 8.90 3 3  =2.97cm ³Ã‚  =2.97 x 20= 59.4cm ³

Iraw essays

Iraw essays 1. In the aftermath of a war in Iraq, the possibilities of creating a stable post-Saddam state will depend on managing Iraqs multiple social cleavages. Describe and evaluate Iraqs primary social cleavages. How have they impacted Iraqi politics until now? The history of Iraq has been dominated by two factors the wealth of its oil fields and the turbulence of its politics. The countrys oil and its key strategic position in the world made it a focus of Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. In its ancient past it was the home to various empires: Sumer, Mesopotamia, Assyria, as well as the Babylonian Empire. During the spread of the Islamic influence under the Prophet Mohammed, Baghdad became a center of art, science, and literature. With the coming of the Turkish Ottoman Empire the area of Iraq again was assimilated. With the coming of the First World War and the defeat of the Turks, England acquired Iraq as a protectorate and utilized for oil exploration. In each of these circumstances, the rule by a singular individual with ultimate authority was the norm. The right to rule was by conquest and not by local consensus. Therefore, the tradition of singular rule by force continued to be the norm. Indeed, the very formation of Iraqs boundaries failed to take into account the diverse backgrounds of the various peoples living there. Even though grateful that the Ottoman forces were removed, the victorious Allies didnt take into account their wishes for any autonomy or sovereignty of tribal regions. Oil exploration and not cultural considerations remained the primary focus. With Iraq gaining its independence from the British, a weak monarchy was toppled by a Pan-Arab group known as the Baath Party. Under this nationalist organization, the call went forward to other Arab nations to break with their differences and form a new identity through a...

Theory of knowledge essay Essays

Theory of knowledge essay Essays Theory of knowledge essay Essay Theory of knowledge essay Essay Facts and theories are terms often used alongside one another, which imply the existence of a nexus between them, especially in the pursuit and ascertainment of truth. However, the correlation between facts and theories varies according to the area of knowledge in question. It is unclear whether facts help in establishing theories or theories help make facts sensible in the pertinent area of knowledge. Theories may be an antecedent to facts in one field, but the nature of another area of knowledge may dispense with the need to formulate a theory first. The purpose of this essay is to examine the nexus between the two aspects with reference to natural sciences and history. The analysis uses practical examples derived from the two areas of knowledge to demonstrate how the nexus between facts and theories takes shape differently in each field. Knowledge facts Facts are essentially what establish the veracity of a synthetic proposition. They are mind-independent states that render an assertion true or false. On the other hand, a theory simply refers to a wider framework that gives meaning to the facts derived from a pursuit of truth. A theory has to be backed by facts to be credible. That means that ones convictions about a phenomenon would not be deemed a theory unless there were facts that back the position. Particularly in natural science, any theory, no matter how it is elaborate, is incomplete and suffers from confirmation bias in the absence of germane factors that prove its truth. The integration of evidence and facts derived from credible experiments as well as reality help in weighing and ascertaining the veracity of a theory. It also helps in the alteration and modification of the theory on trial. Theories play a critical part in explaining the facts whose existence would otherwise be confounding. For instance, as regards human i mmunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it does not suffice to say that it is simply an incurable disease. Leaving the statement at that would be disconcerting and unsatisfactory. For this reason, scientists continue to build upon previous research to explain how the HIV supersedes the existing medications. Facts help establish true theories about phenomena witnessed across the world, but there needs to be a distinction between pure facts and said facts. Said facts refer to declarations even in spite of all evidence to the contrary that something is an indisputable fact. The essence of facts is that there is no requirement to make a declaration to assert its truth. There is no theory that can be said to establish the veracity of a fact as it is not a synthetic proposition. Thus, the assertion that theories can help make facts understandable does not mean that theories can disprove facts. Unlike theories, facts are independent of extrinsic manipulation, but theorists need to apply their mind to explain them. There are myriads of facts out there in the world all of which are not a linguistic expression of an idea and are mind-independent and therefore not meaningful. The facts just exist, such as the absence of a cure for HIV/AIDS. Interpreting such a fact entails borrowing from a theoret ical model in relation to something else through a comparative analysis that provides meaning to the fact. Knowledge theories Aristotle once suggested that theories are inherently digests of facts. The implication of this statement was that people simply go out and collect massive data, without formulating any theory. The theory is then derived from the facts obtained from the search as a way of explaining the discovered phenomenon. It is quite interesting that Aristotle suggested this as an explanation of what happens in science. Indeed, this would make the discovery of knowledge in natural science quite problematic, as scientists would have to go through the exigencies of gathering numerous data prior to sifting through it to discover where the theories lie. One good example of how Aristotles suggestion would work would be examining populations across the United States, gathering vast data in order to notice that the incremental use of depleted uranium (DU) has an adverse impact on the environment and humans. DU is principally a radioactive heavy metal that has high toxicity levels that can invoke multipl e health conditions. Afterward, from a series of deductions that lead back to this hypothesis, one would have formulated the theory that people exposed to DU in one way or another will suffer from a suite of health conditions. This, however, is not the way the scientific discovery of knowledge works. In natural science, facts are not an antecedent to theories. Unlike Aristotle, facts are by their essence digests of theories in science. For instance, a scientific study into the impact of DU on humans stems from a hypothesis that DU, as a radioactive material, is injurious to human health. Afterward, the scientific researcher will initiate an empirical study to prove or disprove this tentative position. The outcome of the study, whether it proves the hypothesis correct or incorrect, is a truth that is unaffected by the theory being tested. That means that the hypothesis is not a determinant of the research result. In this example, the impact of DU usage on the human body persists in spite of the existence or absence of any theory that links the two variables. In essence, this shows that the fact, which is the outcome of this study, is entirely autonomous from the hypothesis. If the study demonstrates that there is a positive nexus between the utilization of DU in the United States and negative health outcomes, then this vindicates the hypoth esis. However, where the study demonstrates that there is no relationship between the incremental application of DU and health issues, then this will result in the abandonment of the hypothesis. It may be very well that the outcome of the study prompts the researcher to modify the hypothesis. Rather than repeating the original hypothesis, the researcher may assert that if DU is deployed at existing levels, then it cannot lead to negative health outcomes. Areas of Knowledge The discovery of knowledge in history sometimes takes a different pathway than in natural science. In fact, the model applied in this area of knowledge is reminiscent of Aristotles proposal. It is possible for archaeologists to go out into a historical site in search of unspecified artifacts and uncover information about a historical era. Afterward, this discovery will enable them to arrive at deductions that lead back to a specific theory. However, this does not necessarily mean that predictive hypotheses are impossible in history. Indeed, an archaeologist seeking to uncover a pyramid pretty much has a preconceived idea and hypothesis of what one would find. The existence of the pyramid or the nature of the artifacts discovered in the search will help to either prove or disprove their initial hypothesis. If the historian finds the site in one way or the other, then it would be necessary to draw from existing theories or formulate new ones to explain the discovery. For instance, the existence of additional bodies alongside the Pharaoh is an indication of the Egyptian custom where nobles were buried with all their servants to cater to them in the afterlife. In this way, theories will help an archaeologist to make sense of the artifacts and bodies in the newly uncovered tomb. From the preceding discussion, it is decipherable that facts are critical in establishing theories in both history and natural science areas of knowledge. Alternatively, theorists are necessary to make sense of facts. Facts are innately mind-independent phenomena that are not meaningful in the absence of a theoretical framework that would help explain them. Without theories, facts would simply lie out there in the world as immutable truths, but they would neither be meaningful or useful to people. For instance, the lack of an HIV/AIDS cure is an indisputable fact, but the absence of theories that explain how existing and emergent treatments cannot eliminate HIV would render this fact entirely confounding. Likewise, uncovering a tomb in Egypt with additional bodies without alluding to knowledge about ancient Egyptian customs would make the discovery confusing to archaeologists. Fortunately, there are existing and emergent theories that help explain different phenomena, even as facts h elp to prove and disprove theories.

Covey essays

Covey essays The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People Dr. Stephen R. Covey published a book that was all the rage a few years ago. His book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People outline seven traits found in all effective people. In order to see these habits one must undergo a paradigm shift, which is seeing through the eyes of others. A perfect example of a paradigm shift is the story of a subway ride. Covey told the lecture group to Picture yourself on a quiet subway ride home. Everyone is quiet there are several people sleeping while others are reading. At the next stop a man gets on with some children. The children are very disruptive throwing things running into people, just kids behaving rottenly. You turn and say to the man your children are being disruptive maybe you could do something to control them. Then the man turns and says we just came from the hospital their mother just died and I guess they dont know how to handle it, neither do I. and right away you feel bad for the man. Most people would want to know what they could do to help. In order to improve on the seven habits one must undergo a paradigm shift. When you first look at the title you might ask what is meant by effective? Well Covey defines by using the P/PC balance. The PC in this fraction stands for production capability of something that one desires while P stands for what is actually produced. In order for one to be effective one must be very mature, and develop. People develop from dependence, to independence, and finally to interdependence. Also one can ask what exactly is a habit? A habit is a principle that is internalized where attitude, knowledge, and skill overlap. Covey said that all the literature dealt with character ethics or personality ethics separately. Coveys theory deals with both types of ethics at the same time. He uses the iceberg analogy to describe the relation between c...

Unit Length Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit Length Mix - Essay Example Furthermore, more and more studies were conducted to find out the effectiveness of the :15s in comparison to the :30s. This situation resulted from the rumors in 1983 as an effect of the Burke Research report that said 15-seconder commercials are 91% as effective as the 30-seconder ads. (Pre-Testing Co., 2004) Industries are continuously considering the use of :15s for introducing new products. According to the ARS Group's integrated database, 18% of the top 50 new product ads of 2000 were :15s, and had risen to 24% in 2001. (Better Practices in Advertising, 2002) And recently, according to the Media IQ evaluation, :15s now account for more than 36% of all commercial inventory sold by the broadcast networks for which the range increases to nearly two-thirds of all units sold in some dayparts - particularly the daytime. (Bergantini-Grillo, 2005) However, 15-seconder advertisements are not yet the shortest of commercials aired over the television. Ten-seconder, as well as 5-seconder ads are at the same time attracting the attention of the advertisers and the industries, such that of the General Motors Corporation's Cadillac. But along with these changes in the pod length, pod position is also considered as it is found significant in attaining the goals of the advertisers - an increase in the product recall and especially an increase in the product sales. (Steinberg, 2005) Automotive indus... are becoming more involved in developing the most effective advertising techniques in increasing recall and revenue such that the products they sell are not as easily purchased as other products. Moreover, other industries follow suit which includes even the fast foods and restaurants, retail and wireless that were as well attracted to considering shorter pod length and the use of cable televisions as advertising medium in order to reach more of its target audience. (Bergantini-Grillo, 2005) Studies showed that there is an expected 60% of televiewers fast-forward commercials with DVRs. (Haugsted, 2005) Resulting from this technological shift among the viewers and attitudes toward pre-recorded programs, advertisers are becoming more interested in producing and sponsoring mini-movies and cable programs. (Stanley, 2004; Bergantini-Grillo, 2005 & "Media Firm") The rising prices for the traditional 30-second ads led companies in looking for other alternatives in producing equally effective TV commercials as the :30s. (Friedman, 2005) Thus, researches and studies are conducted concerning the effectiveness of pods - its length and its proper positioning. Results showed that the effectiveness of advertisements decreases as the number of commercials in the break increases. (Pre-Testing Co., Inc., 2004) The recent result of the CAB/Nielsen study that showed a recall of :15s having half that of :30s, with the same difference in price had set industries into an inclination in shorter ads considering the big difference in its expenditures in producing and airing of the commercial. (Ephron, n.d.) Moreover, as this trend continues to develop, ten-second commercials has become more attractive for the advertising agencies. But the hope is for a more long-lasting business. The current

Frederick Douglass, Independence Day Speech Essay

Frederick Douglass, Independence Day Speech - Essay Example Douglass, applauds the crowd for celebrating the fourth of July, and reminds them that the nation is still young to embrace a positive change. He also acknowledges efforts of American Revolutionaries in their quest to fight for their freedom against the legal bondage under British rule. He considers anti-slavery a just, reasonable and patriotic stance for future generations to come, and not a politically affiliated cause. In the speech, signers of the Declaration of Independence are praised for their patriotic efforts to put a country’s interests above their own. However, Douglass advices and urges listeners to strive to continue the work of these great revolutionaries who brought with them democracy and freedom to their great land. On the other hand, Douglass shuns American black slavery, and condemns the pretense of Americans for being untrue to the principles, both past and present, of the founders. He retorts by saying that some people find favor in imposing slavery to others yet they cannot be in a position to be slaves themselves. Douglass considers this as a non-divine, inhumane act, which is cruel in God’s eyes. In addition, he also shuns the America ministers and churches for remaining silent and acquiescing towards existence of slavery. He notes that the church in this case is superlatively guilty in its right sense. In conclusion, Douglass is optimistic that pro-slavery forces will be eventually concurred by anti-slavery sentiments. He stresses the arrival of freedom, and the abolitionists promise to fight slavery, whatever the

Incorporate Comorbidity Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Incorporate Comorbidity Problem - Essay Example Neurons, which are brain cells, are responsive to distinctive types of neurotransmitters having receptors built purposely for them (Porth & Matfin, 2009). Those neurons that tend to be sensitive to certain neurotransmitters cluster together, thereby forming circuits in the brain, responsible for processing certain types of information. Neurotransmitters are discharged from a neuron at the time it signals another brain cell; these neurotransmitters are discharged to the small space amid the two neurons known as the synapse (Porth & Matfin, 2009). Inside the synapse, the neurotransmitters tend to attach to the receptors at the ending of another neuron, thereby affecting the action of the new neuron. Consequently, the new neuron absorbs as much of the neurotransmitter as it possibly can and then discharges the excess back to the synapse. After that, the first neuron goes ahead to reabsorb the excess; this process through a process is referred to as reuptake (Porth & Matfin, 2009). In th e brain, there are various neurotransmitters, two of which are involved in schizophrenia symptoms, that is dopamine and glutamate (Craft, Gordon, & Tiziani, 2011). Dopamine happens to be primarily responsible for movement and thoughts, while, at the same time being related with novelty seeking, or concern in new experiences, as well as reward. Apparently, illegal drugs such as cannabis, cocaine and methamphetamine act by affecting the function of dopamine in the brain; therefore, dopamine is related with feelings of not only pleasure but also well-being (Craft et al., 2011). Dopamine paths within the brain tend to be extremely specialized, thereby being capable of influencing different types of behavior or thinking. Thus, people with high intensities of dopamine in parts of the brain might also suffer from psychotic symptoms or even paranoid thinking that are symptoms of schizophrenia (Craft et al., 2011). Glutamate happens to be other neurotransmitter, which might play a significan t role in schizophrenia. Glutamate plays a key part in learning, formation as well as encoding of memory (Craft et al., 2011). There are hallucinogenic drugs such as PCP used in blocking glutamate receptors; however, amphetamines, PCP are capable of causing paranoia, which apes schizophrenic symptoms. In instances where people suffer from schizophrenia and use PCP, it worsens their symptoms (Craft et al., 2011). Research shows that an interaction between dopamine and glutamate happens to be the center of schizophrenia; nonetheless, dopamine receptors are capable of reducing glutamate action; in case there are unusually many dopamine receptors, the effects of glutamate will be blocked. Question Two Reports by the American Psychological Association (2001)

Skinput Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skinput - Essay Example In general terms, Skinput is an attempt to appropriate human body as an input interface. Skinput is a novel bio-acoustic sensing system developed by Chris Harrison from Carnegie Mellon University and Desney Tan and Dan Morris, employees at Microsoft Research. From the practical viewpoint, Skinput represents a bio-acoustic sensing array coupled with a small-size pico-projector, which turns user's skin into a touch-screen. The system of acoustic sensors identifies signals produced with our fingers onto skin surface, utilising the skin as an input surface. Chris Harrison's invention of Skinput rests on the idea that human skin constitutes an ideal input device: humans have roughly 22 square feet of skin area, which is accessible by hands and proprioception (understanding of how individual's body is configured in three-dimensional space) enables users to accurately interact with their bodies in an eyes-free manner (Harrison et al, 2010). Unlike previous examples of always-available input systems, Skinput idea is largely based on the principles of bio-sensing and acoustic transmission. Bio-sensing technology has been widely utilised in diagnostic medicine with electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) being notable examples (Harrison et al, 2010). Simultaneously, the principles of acoustic transmission have been applied to support the idea of the skin being used as a finger input surface. From the practical standpoint, when a finger taps the skin, the impact creates a magnitude of useful acoustic signals. In order to capture these signals, Chris Harrison's team developed a special bio-acoustic sensing array. During the series of experiments, Chris Harrison and his colleagues opted in for a sensing array built into an armband. This bio-acoustic sensing array aimed to detect vibrations transmitted through the body is comprised of two sensor packages each containing five cantilevered piezo films responsive to a particular frequency range. Because variations in bone density, muscle size and filtering effect produced by soft tissues and joints make different locations being acoustically distinct, Skinput software analyzes impacts and classifies them (Harrison et al, 2010). In addition, Skinput's armband works with a special purpose pico-projector, which allows various interactive elements to be displayed on the skin (see Figure 1 for complete illustration of Skinput device). Figure 1. Skinput technology. HOW SKINPUT WILL BE USED During the series of their study, Chris Harrison et al. illustrated the range of Skinput's applications, most of which were concerned with tap-based interfaces. In the first example, the researchers projected a series of buttons onto the forearm, on which a user can finger tap to navigate a hierarchical menu (Harrison et al, 2010). The second example reveals how individual uses a scrolling menu tapping top or bottom of his forearm. The third example illustrates a projection of numeric keypad, which can be tapped to dial a phone number. From the practical perspective, thanks to embedded program algorithms, Skinput's interface can accurately identify user's gestures in motion, for instance, during walk.

African american history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

African american history - Essay Example She was a victim of slave trade and was sold at the young age of 8 to the wealthy Wheatley family in Boston. The family gave her the name Phillis, and Wheatley was mandatory for her as a surname. They taught her how to read and write, and after seeing her talent in poetry, they encouraged her to pursue it. Many praised her work, amongst them white colonists who could not believe that a slave could write such excellent poetry. She was the first African American woman and poet to publish a book. Her downfall began with the death of her master, John Wheatley, and afterwards the death of her two infant children, then came the imprisonment of her husband, Peter. This made her succumb to illness, and passed away in 1784 due to disease and poverty (Franklin, John and Alfred, 131). This originated from West Africa in 1741. It was a day for slaves to elect black people who would be placed to rule the black communities in power. Those elected by the slaves would include kings, judges, governors and other high officials to rule over them. The slaves were given a day off by their masters to join others in dances and parties. Slaves were made to dress well, as when they dressed badly it would be a bad image for the masters. The selected official was not legally recognized as a leader, but he acted as a go-between between the black people and the whites. He also ensured that the law was upheld in his area of jurisdiction (Melish, 122). It originated from the Southern and Northern states and was an accord reached for the period of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. This agreement stated that three-fifths of the slaves were considered for taxation and representation in the Congress. It meant that slaves would be considered as human beings and part of the population and not as property. It stated as a dispute as the Northern States did not want slaves to be taken as a section of the population, rather they should be

Major Motivational Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major Motivational Theories - Research Paper Example This is because one needs highly motivated employees to get the work done. Well motivated employees are those who are keen to do excellent jobs because they feel that they have to. Their goal is to do their job, and that’s what managers need. Intrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that is driven by interest. The interest of the person itself is the drive to make the work his goal. The people who are intrinsically motivated jump on the task to improve their skills. The other type of motivation is the extrinsic kind. The interest of the person to complete the goal if he is extrinsically motivated is usually the things he might get after the goal is achieved, like rewards or punishment. For example, grades and winning are extrinsic motivational factors while studying something because one is indeed interested in that particular area is intrinsic There are many motivation theories that are practiced to have motivated employees. Three of them are discussed in this paper. Th ese theories are: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and McGregor’s X/Y theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is perhaps the most popular and the most basic motivational theory. It was first discussed in Maslow’s 1943 study called A Theory of Human Motivation. It discusses the levels of human needs and how it is important in understanding these needs in order to manipulate the conditions of one’s employees for them to be good employees. It is often represented by a pyramid, with the needs starting from the bottom and ending at the tip with self actualization. The primary needs of a person are at the bottom of the pyramid, and that’s the physiological need. Then it progresses to safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. According to the hierarchy, one cannot achieve self-actualization if he did not fulfill the previous rung of the pyramid. This means that one should fulfill the physiological need, then the safe ty need, then the love need and then the esteem need in order to achieve self-actualization. Criticism of the theory is largely based on the postulate that the ranking of the â€Å"needs† aren’t really that accurate. Critics argue that food, shelter and other â€Å"physiological† needs are naturally instinctual and should not be included in the pyramid theory. They also say that the needs of a person referred to in this pyramid are largely for the American man. However, this information on motivation is quite important to managers as they would know what their people need, especially in an intercultural atmosphere. Since values and traditions differ, their needs as humans would definitely put a common thread on them, making them easier to motivate based on those commonalities. And even if the criticisms say something common on them, they are not as powerful. The second theory is the Herzberg’s two factor theory. According to this theory, there are two kin ds of motivations: the one that causes satisfaction and the one the causes dissatisfaction. It is also called-hygiene motivation. It is also called content theory motivation. He interviewed 200 accountants and engineers for this who were then asked to recall when they felt good or bad at their offices. From this, he concluded that the motivation of the employees lies on the hygiene factors and motivation factors. Hygiene factors are those things which are needed by

Skinput Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skinput - Essay Example In general terms, Skinput is an attempt to appropriate human body as an input interface. Skinput is a novel bio-acoustic sensing system developed by Chris Harrison from Carnegie Mellon University and Desney Tan and Dan Morris, employees at Microsoft Research. From the practical viewpoint, Skinput represents a bio-acoustic sensing array coupled with a small-size pico-projector, which turns user's skin into a touch-screen. The system of acoustic sensors identifies signals produced with our fingers onto skin surface, utilising the skin as an input surface. Chris Harrison's invention of Skinput rests on the idea that human skin constitutes an ideal input device: humans have roughly 22 square feet of skin area, which is accessible by hands and proprioception (understanding of how individual's body is configured in three-dimensional space) enables users to accurately interact with their bodies in an eyes-free manner (Harrison et al, 2010). Unlike previous examples of always-available input systems, Skinput idea is largely based on the principles of bio-sensing and acoustic transmission. Bio-sensing technology has been widely utilised in diagnostic medicine with electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) being notable examples (Harrison et al, 2010). Simultaneously, the principles of acoustic transmission have been applied to support the idea of the skin being used as a finger input surface. From the practical standpoint, when a finger taps the skin, the impact creates a magnitude of useful acoustic signals. In order to capture these signals, Chris Harrison's team developed a special bio-acoustic sensing array. During the series of experiments, Chris Harrison and his colleagues opted in for a sensing array built into an armband. This bio-acoustic sensing array aimed to detect vibrations transmitted through the body is comprised of two sensor packages each containing five cantilevered piezo films responsive to a particular frequency range. Because variations in bone density, muscle size and filtering effect produced by soft tissues and joints make different locations being acoustically distinct, Skinput software analyzes impacts and classifies them (Harrison et al, 2010). In addition, Skinput's armband works with a special purpose pico-projector, which allows various interactive elements to be displayed on the skin (see Figure 1 for complete illustration of Skinput device). Figure 1. Skinput technology. HOW SKINPUT WILL BE USED During the series of their study, Chris Harrison et al. illustrated the range of Skinput's applications, most of which were concerned with tap-based interfaces. In the first example, the researchers projected a series of buttons onto the forearm, on which a user can finger tap to navigate a hierarchical menu (Harrison et al, 2010). The second example reveals how individual uses a scrolling menu tapping top or bottom of his forearm. The third example illustrates a projection of numeric keypad, which can be tapped to dial a phone number. From the practical perspective, thanks to embedded program algorithms, Skinput's interface can accurately identify user's gestures in motion, for instance, during walk.

Major Motivational Theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major Motivational Theories - Research Paper Example This is because one needs highly motivated employees to get the work done. Well motivated employees are those who are keen to do excellent jobs because they feel that they have to. Their goal is to do their job, and that’s what managers need. Intrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that is driven by interest. The interest of the person itself is the drive to make the work his goal. The people who are intrinsically motivated jump on the task to improve their skills. The other type of motivation is the extrinsic kind. The interest of the person to complete the goal if he is extrinsically motivated is usually the things he might get after the goal is achieved, like rewards or punishment. For example, grades and winning are extrinsic motivational factors while studying something because one is indeed interested in that particular area is intrinsic There are many motivation theories that are practiced to have motivated employees. Three of them are discussed in this paper. Th ese theories are: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, and McGregor’s X/Y theory. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is perhaps the most popular and the most basic motivational theory. It was first discussed in Maslow’s 1943 study called A Theory of Human Motivation. It discusses the levels of human needs and how it is important in understanding these needs in order to manipulate the conditions of one’s employees for them to be good employees. It is often represented by a pyramid, with the needs starting from the bottom and ending at the tip with self actualization. The primary needs of a person are at the bottom of the pyramid, and that’s the physiological need. Then it progresses to safety, love, esteem and self-actualization. According to the hierarchy, one cannot achieve self-actualization if he did not fulfill the previous rung of the pyramid. This means that one should fulfill the physiological need, then the safe ty need, then the love need and then the esteem need in order to achieve self-actualization. Criticism of the theory is largely based on the postulate that the ranking of the â€Å"needs† aren’t really that accurate. Critics argue that food, shelter and other â€Å"physiological† needs are naturally instinctual and should not be included in the pyramid theory. They also say that the needs of a person referred to in this pyramid are largely for the American man. However, this information on motivation is quite important to managers as they would know what their people need, especially in an intercultural atmosphere. Since values and traditions differ, their needs as humans would definitely put a common thread on them, making them easier to motivate based on those commonalities. And even if the criticisms say something common on them, they are not as powerful. The second theory is the Herzberg’s two factor theory. According to this theory, there are two kin ds of motivations: the one that causes satisfaction and the one the causes dissatisfaction. It is also called-hygiene motivation. It is also called content theory motivation. He interviewed 200 accountants and engineers for this who were then asked to recall when they felt good or bad at their offices. From this, he concluded that the motivation of the employees lies on the hygiene factors and motivation factors. Hygiene factors are those things which are needed by

Poems of Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Poems of Edgar Allan Poe Essay A tell-tale heart – essay The gradual descent into insanity is a common characteristic of Edgar Allan Poe as an auteur. This being one of Poe’s shortest stories separates itself from his other literature as it draws its focus onto the irony of the stalking, and confession of the murder of an old man. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ explores the mind of a mentally unstable and delusional individual on his descent to madness. In doing so the short story touches upon the contrasts between the rational and irrational. The ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ presents two physical settings. It is clear from the narrator’s perspective that there is a change of setting. â€Å"Observe how healthily – how calmly I can tell you the whole story†, the narrator then continues, â€Å"It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain†. This passage indicates that the story that is narrated, is told in retrospect. The passage can be interpreted as being the narrator attempting to justify his murder and convince the reader that he is not mad as he can tell the story calmly and sanely. The passage can also be perceived as being directed towards the police officers that are introduced at the end of the story. In doing so the narrator might also try to convince the police officers that his deed was justified and necessary. The theme of insanity is shown through the narrators descend into madness. The narrator states that â€Å"very gradually – I made up my mind to take the life of the old man† which marks the beginning of his descent. It is made clear to the recipient of the story that the narrator believes he is sagacious in his lurking. However, the narration gives the impression that he is a madman. The narrator says â€Å"I undid the lantern cautiously-oh, so cautiously – cautiously† and also says â€Å"I kept pushing it on steadily, steadily† and â€Å"you cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthily†. The narrator’s reiterations present a sort of vocal tic which adds to his characteristic of being mentally unstable and mad. The story explores the contrasts between the rational and irrational. The theme of rationality is shown through the narrator’s attempts to rationalize his actions. The premise of the narrator’s suffocation of the old man is the ‘evil eye’ he has. Whenever the narrator gazes at the â€Å"dull blue† eye he experiences chills through â€Å"the very marrow† in his bones. This suggests that the old man’s eye terrifies him. It does, however, seem very unlikely that the old man has an inhuman eye â€Å"no human eye – not even his†. The rational explanation for the appearance of the eye that the narrator is fixated about, is that the old man is suffering from cataract. The disease bears a close resemblance to the eye of a vulture. This is proven by the narrator’s very similar description of the eye’s â€Å"pale blue, with a film over it† and â€Å"a dull blue, with a hideous veil†. This can also explain why the old man is never woken up or is disturbed by having the light shone into his â€Å"evil eye†. This is because he might be lacking vision in one eye. The narrator attempts to convince the reader that he is cunning and wise when observing the old man in his bed. The narrator’s irrational nature is emphasized in this passage where he very slowly enters the bedroom with only his head and lantern â€Å"It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed†. The use of irony in the short story adds to the narrator’s complete unawareness of his own instability expressed through his lack of rational perception. The narrator contradicts himself implicitly. He states that he â€Å"loved the old man† and that â€Å"he had never wronged me†. This implies that he had no quarrels with the old man and therefore had no motivation for murdering him. He then contradicts himself by being excited by the old man’s â€Å"uncontrollable terror†. The theme of irony is also shown when the narrator hears the old man’s â€Å"groan of mortal terror† and recognizes the feeling. The narrator â€Å"knew the sound well†, he had experienced them himself being â€Å"welled up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted me†. This can be interpreted as the narrator explaining that he suffers from terrors which indicates that he has been or is feeling fear to the marrow of his bones and has experienced something horrific. This is also supported by the symbolism of the narrator burying the old man underneath the floorboards, which can be interpreted as him repressing his emotions and hiding them and then eventually being welled up when he confesses the murder. However, it is vaguely explained and remains a mystery to the readers. This corresponds well with the characteristic of the narrator which is only described implicitly. The narrator’s gender is not revealed. This might be because the gender of the narrator is not important to the story and that Edgar Allan Poe has written the story in such a way that the common reader assumes the gender of the narrator to be male. The most prominent ironic situation is the narrator’s own sagaciousness and over-acuteness that end up being the reasons for his confession to the police officers. His own hypersensitivity betrays him. This also supports his irrationality as he had confirmed the death of the old man when he felt his heart. He is however still convinced that the beating heart belongs to the â€Å"stone dead† man. This also shows his descent into madness as he perceives the noise as being a ringing in his ears, but then convinces himself that it is â€Å"the beating† of the old man’s â€Å"hideous heart†. He contradicts himself in this passage where he has previously described himself as cunning but is unable to correctly identify the source of the beating heart. ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ is a story that largely focuses on the inability of the narrator to judge his own state of sanity. This is further supported by the narrator frequently being deceived by his own senses and even contradicting himself which diminishes his reliability. The topic of repressed emotions and the border between sanity and insanity is addressed by interpreting the narrator’s behavior and actions. This determines that the narrator is indeed a madman.

The Debate on E-learning: Advantages and Disadvantages

The Debate on E-learning: Advantages and Disadvantages People have different opinions about e learning. Some people think that e-learning is innovative and it reduces the time and distance barriers of education while the other group thinks that e-learning leads to feelings of isolation and frustrations (Handzic Ho-hur, 2005). E-learning can be defined as using network technologies to create, foster, deliver and facilitate learning, anytime and anywhere (Liaw, 2008 cited in Duan et.al., 2010). Due to globalisation corporations have to deal with more complex and uncertain situations nowadays. To survive and succeed in this environment the organisations have to keep up with the pace and have to be more innovative and efficient (Handzic Ho-hur, 2005). It is important to keep the employees up-to-date not only in the technology but also with the implications which use the technology and yield for more efficient and effective working (Newton Doonga, 2007). Corporate e-learning can be done in the form of e-training. Newton (2007) Doonga (2007) define Entraining as an environment in which training or instruction in a range of skills or techniques can be developed using computer technology. The purpose of this paper is to identify the benefits limitations of corporate e-learning to organisations. Corporate E-learning is the future of the business world. Corporate want to save more and more costs by having more corporate e-learning rather than sending their employees to different locations for getting the required training. Literature review Secondary Data: The literature review will discuss the various advantages and limitations of e-learning. The literature reviewed considers both qualitative and quantitative analysis in their research. The purpose of the literature review is to find gaps in the study that has been conducted on e-learning. This includes benefits, limitations and purpose of e-learning. Following are the benefits of e-learning: 1. Technological changes increase the velocity of work environment:   Technology has changed the way people live, work, think, and learn (Urdan Weggen 2000). The work force of today has to be on their toes to get a contract, to achieve targets and all the challenges that come their way. They have to understand a lot of information in a short span of time. The rate at which new products and services are introduced in the market is extra ordinary. As production cycles and life spans of products continue to shorten, information and training quickly become obsolete (Urdan Weggen 2000). The training managers have to deliver the services more efficiently and quickly. Training managers feel the urgency to deliver knowledge and skills more rapidly and efficiently whenever and wherever needed. In the age of just-in-time production, just-in-time training becomes a critical element to organizational success (Urdan Weggen 2000). 2. Cost Savings: Strother citing Newton Doonga (2007) assesses the effectiveness of e-learning in corporate training programs and gives some very impressive examples of à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nancial beneà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ts of corporate e-learning. She quotes that IBMs reported saving of $200 million in 1999 through conversion of their training delivery methods to e-learning, Ernst and Youngs reduction of training costs by 35% gained by replacing 80% of classroom instruction by using e-training and Rockwell Collins reduction of training expenditure of 40% by converting 25% of their traditional instruction to e-training (Newton Doonga, 2007) . Corporate e-learning also saves on the travelling of the trainers which can be used as optimum use of their skills.   3. Accessibility Flexibility of delivery: Schriver Giles 1999 prove that one of the benefits of e-learning us the accessibility and flexibility of delivery. It is cheaper to deliver the projects through reduced opportunity costs and reduced time away from work. It also helps to reach the wider constituencies, also to the most remote areas.  Ã‚   4. Globalization of business is resulting in manifold challenges: Advances in information technology and falling trade barriers facilitate business around the globe. As borders become less meaningful, global competition intensifies. International expansion has led to larger and more complex corporations. Todays businesses have more locations in different time zones and employ larger numbers of workers with diverse cultural backgrounds and educational levels than ever. Thus, more information has to be delivered in increasingly larger organizations, challenging internal planning, logistics, and distribution. Corporations worldwide are now seeking more innovative and efficient ways to deliver training to their geographically-dispersed workforce (Urdan Weggen 2000).   5. Trainees learn at their own pace: The trainees can take their own time in understanding the concept and dont have to rush. E-learning also helps them to have the training material in their gasp whenever required. Also it can be referred whenever needed (Elliot Clayton, 2007).   Community building and Interactivity (Handzic Ho-Hur, 2005): E-learning helps in community building and increases a lot of interactivity between the trainer and the trainee between different parts of the world. A research was conducted in state of online learning in U.S. higher education. The study was aimed at answering some of the fundamental questions about the nature and extent of online education based on responses from more than 2,500 colleges and universities. The below graph indicates the growth of students taking at least one online course. Limitations of e-learning: E-learning limitations can be categorized as technological limitations, personal issues and design limitations (Wong, 2007). Technological limitations: Wong 2007 believes that for e-learning you need to have a computer or a laptop to have access to e-learning. Rumble (2000) cited in Wong (2007) says that e-learning comes with benefits such as unlimited access 24 hours, 7 days a week, this privilege does not seem to be feasible for some people in rural areas due to the inability to access Internet services. The Internet penetration rate in Malaysia is only 31.8 % (Phang, 2004 cited in Wong, 2007). Good internet speeds are the basic requirement and these are only available in few places and not in all. Bose 2003 cited in Wong 2007 mentioned that, while it is feasible to access to high-speed bandwidth within the university campus, it becomes a problem outside the campus, where Internet facilities are less sophisticated. Handzic Ho-hur (2007) say that a lot of researchers think that e-learning lead to feelings of isolation, frustration, anxiety and confusion.   Personal issues (Wong 2007): Lack of personal technological skills can be an issue in e-learning. The new people coming and joining e-learning might feel clueless as they dont have a teacher to guide them.   Elearners have to be techno savvy. Hamid (2002) cited in Wong (2007) stated that technical skills could cause frustration to e-learning students due to the unconventional e-learning environment and isolation from others. Dringus (200) cited in Macpherson et al. (2004) agrees Hamid saying that e-learners may be unable to sustain their momentum unless they have right skills and they are self motivated. Design Limitations: Poor design of the e-learning courseware is a major issue for learners and e-learning providers Ivergard Hunt (2005) cited in Wong (2007). The design should be easy to understand so that the learner has the motivation to learn. Courseware design should be tailored to the needs of the learners: it should be easy to use and students should have easy access to guidance and information (Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003; James-Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 cited in Wong 2007). The following example explains how China adopted E-learning with the help of 5 influential factors (Duan et al., 2010). Another example of corporate e-learning is taken up by Japan. The Japan e-learning market reached 1350 billion yen in 2004, an increase of 41.3% from 2003 (Schnack, 2005). Traditional learning: Traditional learning is sitting in the class physically and taking lessons. The traditional classroom setting adds value in terms of instruction clarity. Traditional learning is available almost every part of the world where education is available. Students and the teachers are comfortable with the classroom environment as they have been always used to it. Teaching in this environment is more informal (Chen Jones, 2007). Traditional classroom teaching gives an opportunity to the students to ask spontaneous questions in the class. The teacher can answer to the queries of the students right in the class. Traditional learning gives opportunity to students to interact with other students and have live discussions on topics and have different opinions on one concept. Interaction between students is an important part of individual development. Teachers use situations to explain concepts to students which give them a practice to think on the spot and come up with solutions in a quick time (Lunce, 2006). Studies on e-learning have identified lots of benefits like cost savings, flexibility and accessibility of delivery and community building and interactivity (Newton Doonga). Also there is extensive research on the limitations of e-learning. The biggest difference between the two learning is the delivery methods so it is very important to do a proper research in this matter to find the differences. Important goal of this study was to be able to make meaningful comparisons between two delivery methods (Chen Jones, 2007). Mind the gap: Studies on e-learning have identified a lot of benefits and limitations. There is not a lot of research done on the difference between traditional room learning and  e-learning. This research will give us an idea about what do people prefers? Though there are many benefits proven but its the people who will be using e-learning in day to day life, so it is very important to take their opinion into  consideration. In other words we will try to find the user friendly of e-learning in the opinion of the people using this. This research will also give an idea to the people planning to take up e-learning in future. This research should be able to justify the benefits and limitations of e-learning in comparison to the traditional classroom learning. Research question: What do people prefer, e-learning or traditional classroom learning and why? Research Design: Methods, Methodology Data Collection: Methods are the techniques that are used to collect and analyse the data. Methodology determines whether the implementation of particular methods is successful or not (Veal. The method that can be used for this will be quantitative qualitative methods. The qualitative methods will help gathering information in depth and will be more subjective. The quantitative research will be more objective and will be analysed more statistically. Qualitative methods Samples / Focus groups: People from different organisations who use e-learning, a sample will be from organisation which does not use e-learning, a group of students who use learning and the last group who does not. Focus groups can be made and asked about the benefits of e-learning and traditional learning. This debate will give a good knowledge about the thoughts of people about both the concepts. The findings from the focus groups will help us to prepare the questionnaire for the in depth interviews. Different questionnaires will be used for different groups. As the demographics of each group will be different the questions have to be prepared keeping the purpose of the research in mind. Questions asked to the organisations using e-learning will be mostly based on the benefits, limitations and the improvements to be made in e-learning, while on the other side the non user group will be educated first about e-learning and then asked whether they will be keen to move to e-learning. The questions will be based on workplace e-learning. Same technique of two different questionnaire used for two groups will be used for the student groups but with different set of questions which will be more based on e-learning school education. In-depth interviews: The questionnaire made with the help of the findings of the focus groups will be explanatory. In-depth interviews will give an insight of the thinking of people regarding these concepts. The in depth interviews questions will be connected to each other. Quantitative methods: Surveys: Surveys will be conducted in general to get statistics of the number of people interested in e-learning or traditional learning. The questionnaire of the survey will be a mix of open ended and close ended questions. The questions in this survey will be more general to get the numbers only, like how many people are interested in e-learning and how many in traditional classroom learning. Data Analysis: Data Analysis will be divided into 3 different stages: Data Reduction: The irrelevant data will be discarded and only the data which is necessary and related to the research topic will be kept. Data Display :The data will be displayed with the help of graphs and tables as visual graphs can give a better understanding of the data. Conclusion: The findings and the important stuff of the research will be entered in the form of a report. These conclusions are stored so that they be used for future researches as well. Conclusion: As seen through the various journals and sources related to e-learning, it is quite obvious that the story is rather two-fold. There are studies conducted to test the worthiness of e-journal, whether people prefer to use this method, but as indicated earlier, there isnt much research on comparing the traditional classroom method of teaching with the so-called future of teaching e-learning. Where corporate are required to provide knowledge through interdisciplinary areas of the organization, e-learning tends to be a cost-saving method of knowledge dispersion. Though this might be true, there are a lot of people who prefer human interaction, rather the traditional method of learning. Based on this, I decided that future research can be conducted to find out what types of industries, entities or any such establishment, hence an increased number of surveys throughout the workspace spectrum are extremely important to find out the preferences of people in different parts of the globe.

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay example -- T.S. Eliot Lust Sex R

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The pursuit of youth, of sex, of â€Å"yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window panes,† some pursue this their whole lives, a bachelor looking in the corners of streets and bars for a bit of youth and company. This is the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot, 1917. It is the song and love story of men who search for their lover in places absent of love and instead only finds lust. Those who only find lust in these lonely places eventually become old, as the speaker of the poem realizes. The only argument in this poem is that of a man much past his prime, arguing to himself whether to retire the chase; the author uses logos, ethos and pathos when arguing to himself, and you, about giving up the Darwinian chase. The author of this poem is T.S. Eliot a modern poet who is a contemporary of Hemingway and Fitzgerald. Much of his work comes from post World War I, a period which was filled with excess and disillusionment with humanity and our ability to create and control civilization. The greatest war in the history of the world up to that point had just been fought. Millions died and the World with all its sadness could do nothing more then try and fill itself with wine and lust. The poem deals partly with this matter, mostly with lust and pursuit of women to find happiness in a world full of dingy sadness. The author addresses himself in this poem. Much similar to you looking at yourself in the mirror and speaking to yourself; asking questions and answering them. A sense of this is achieved in the first stanza when he refers to â€Å"you and I† meaning the self seen by others and the self he perceives. Yet this rhetorical self is juxtaposed next to an ... ...ser to death to argue that he is indeed growing older that because he has fear of death he realizes his youth is now gone. His fear is pathos and an appeal to himself that he is getting older. Remember that he is in discussion with himself and you are the audience to his personal monologue, he does not have to convince you that he is growing old but himself, the man in the mirror. Pathos or the poet’s emotional appeal is that he is afraid of death and simply that means he is growing older. Those who find lust in instead of love in youth find themselves in the situation that T.S. Eliot finds himself in. That situation is growing old and still behaving as a lustful youth wondering what to do and reasoning with yourself over your wasted pursuit of women and whether to continue the chase or give into old age and â€Å"wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled.†

Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds

Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21) Influenza Viruses Essay -- Diseases, Birds Influenza viruses existing in birds continue to be a source for a diverse combination of antigenic subtypes including 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) and represent a large reservoir of novel antigens to which the human population is naà ¯ve [1,2](1)) (Seasonal influenza epidemics are a major public health concern, accounting for five million severe cases worldwide [1](4))(Annually, influenza types A cause human outbreaks responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, particularly in high risk groups, such as infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.(5)).(3)) (The influenza virus is one of the most devastating viral diseases due to being highly contagious which easily spreads as an aerosol and causes acute viral respiratory disease and mortality to susceptible groups. In order to prevent the spread of seasonal or pandemic outbreaks of influenza, vaccination is a powerful and cost-effective means [1](15)) (Protection against influenza virus is primarily mediated by antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (HA) [2,3]) ,HA is the major surface glycoprotein of the virion and responsible for the attachment and penetration of viral particles into cells during the initial stages of infection.((5)((8)) (Successful prophylactic influenza vaccines elicit efficient HA-specific systemic antibody, which can bind the virus and inhibit early events in the influenza virus infection.(6)) Different types of influenza vaccines such as subunit [7-10], attenuated [11,12], and inactivated influenza vaccines[14] are available although the inactivated ones are the most widely used in the commercial scale [6]. ((12) (the major substrate for the preparation of inactivated influenza vaccines is embryonated chicken’s egg .((1) (In c... ... the P1 baculovirus stock In Sf-900 III Medium was Prepared, as appropriate. To do this, sequentially 0.25 ml of the baculovirus stock was diluted in 2.25 ml of Sf-900 medium. The dilutions 10–4 to10–8 were used in our assay. The medium from each well removed, immediately replace with 1 ml of the appropriate virus dilution and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Plaquing medium containing 12.5 ml 4% Low Melting Agarose and 37.5 ml Sf-900III was prepared and incubated at 40ËšC water bath until use. Following the 1 hour incubation, the medium containing virus from the wells removed and replaced with 2 ml of plaquing medium. Allowed agarose overlay at room temperature until to harden. The plates incubated at a 27ËšC humidied incubator for 7–10 days. To improve the visualization of plaques, the plates were stained by 0.5 ml Neutral Red solution (1 mg/ml). (21)

Assessing Importance of School Factors Such as Racism Essay

A variety of material disadvantages that may confront ethnic minorities coming from working class backgrounds are they do not achieve the same level of education. The main achievers are Indian, Chinese and African students, but the lowest achievers are Turkish, Bangladeshi And Afro Caribbean students. The white working class students are the lowest achieving, which is peculiar because most sociologists are white who stereotype and label other students from different backgrounds. The main cause of underachievement in schools are cultural and language factors which sociologists clarify and focus on and are thought to be main cause of everything. Previously the spotlight has been put on what happens in school and racism in common As shown by Cecile Wright, which explains that, Asian students can also be the victims of teachers Cecile found out that regardless of the schools evident promise to equal opportunities, teachers still hold ethnocentric views they believe that British culture and English are greater. This prepared teachers to assume that they would have a poor pronunciation of English and left them out of class debates or used basic, childlike speech when speaking to them. Asian pupils also felt cut off when teachers spoken dissatisfaction of their behaviour or misread their names. Teachers saw them not as a risk but as a difficulty they could take no notice of. This resulted in that Asian pupils in particular the girls were hard-pressed to the limits and disallowed from play a part fully. Close at hand is proof of teacher racial discrimination and harmful labelling. Nevertheless study shows that pupils can take action in variety of ways. They may take action by becoming unsettling or withdrawn but pupils may decline to agree to the label and even choose to prove it incorrect by putting in hard work. Off-putting labels do not repeatedly twist into self-fulfilling prophecy Working class white pupils attain below standards and have lesser desires. There isn’t much parental support at home, which means there is low achievement and goals. Reports show that teachers have to deal with low level of behaviour and discipline in white working class schools. Nevertheless they had fewer kids on benefit programs teachers blame this on inadequate parental support at home and negative attitude that white working class parents have towards their children and their education. The life in the street for white working class can be tough for pupils which means they get used to getting intimidating and intimidate other which they pick up and use in school to cause disruptions and make it hard for other students to succeed at school. Underachievement of student of different is blamed on cultural deprivation. Few sociologists say that Afro-Caribbean families lack a close relationship to their family and therefore are extremely violent towards everything they do. Arguments explain that families aren’t very supportive towards their children and they don’t offer enough cultural capital for their children. Stereotypical views suggest those students are not deprived because of their class or because of their backgrounds. Factors like social class are important to certain ethnic minorities like Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and a considerable amount of Afro-Caribbean students, which are all working class backgrounds in which material deprivation play a main role because to find out why they achieve below the national standards. Sociologists say schools and curriculums made just for one specific group of ethnic minority gives priority to one particular ethnic minority while disregarding other ethnic groups. Some schools have curriculums, which are ethnocentric because they only give priority to English languages. The British curriculum has been described as exclusively British. In history Britain is thought to bring civilisation to ancient people are colonised. Black people as inferior weakens black children’s self esteem and Leads to them to underachieving and failing. It isn’t for sure what effects the ethnocentric study shows that black don’t really suffer from low self esteem. Wright’s study found some ethnic minority groups received poorer interaction from staff. Teachers perceptions were seem as stereotypical although Asian students were seen as good and black students were seen disruptive and disobedient. Study show that schools in cities which contain ethnic minority students were not benefitting in terms of O Levels entries because of being in low set and having to achieve high grade in order to get good results and become successful. Overall taking into consideration we can not split or label ethnicity from social classes and gender since this is really difficult matter as some of the main achieving students are from ethnic minorities so for that reason there isn’t a connection here so we can’t make statements or come to conclusions as to what the association among ethnic groups and schools actually are. Pupils can refuse to accept negative classing and teacher expectations. Sociologists can’t come to a conclusion to explain what occurs between teacher and students or what takes place in different ethnic groups related to education. Students live up to roles they are given but can try to resist the labels and getting put behind by carrying out what is thought of them to do or do what they want to do and achieve good education and become successful.